common/json-schema: fix: handle non-capturing groups (?:...) in JSON schema pattern converter (#21124)

The regex-to-grammar converter in _visit_pattern() crashes with SIGSEGV
when a JSON schema "pattern" field contains a non-capturing group (?:...).

Root cause: when the parser sees '(' followed by '?', it pushes a warning
but does not advance past '?:'. The recursive transform() call then
interprets '?' as a quantifier and calls seq.back() on an empty vector,
causing undefined behavior.

This commonly occurs when serving OpenAI-compatible tool calls from
clients that include complex regex patterns in their JSON schemas (e.g.,
date validation patterns like ^(?:(?:\d\d[2468][048]|...)-02-29|...)$).

The fix:
- Skip '?:' after '(' to treat non-capturing groups as regular groups
- For unsupported syntax (?=, ?!, etc.), skip to matching ')' safely,
  handling escaped characters to avoid miscounting parenthesis depth
- Adjust the ')' unbalanced-parentheses check using direct char
  comparisons instead of substr
- Add test cases for non-capturing groups (C++ only, as the JS/Python
  implementations do not yet support this syntax)

common/json-schema-to-grammar.cpp

@@ -416,15 +416,30 @@ private:
                     i++;
                 } else if (c == '(') {
                     i++;
-                    if (i < length) {
-                        if (sub_pattern[i] == '?') {
+                    if (i < length && sub_pattern[i] == '?') {
+                        if (i + 1 < length && sub_pattern[i + 1] == ':') {
+                            i += 2; // skip "?:" for non-capturing group, treat as regular group
+                        } else {
+                            // lookahead/lookbehind (?=, ?!, ?<=, ?<!) - not supported
                             _warnings.push_back("Unsupported pattern syntax");
+                            // skip to matching ')' to avoid UB on empty seq
+                            int depth = 1;
+                            while (i < length && depth > 0) {
+                                if (sub_pattern[i] == '\\' && i + 1 < length) {
+                                    i += 2; // skip escaped character
+                                } else {
+                                    if (sub_pattern[i] == '(') depth++;
+                                    else if (sub_pattern[i] == ')') depth--;
+                                    i++;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            continue;
                         }
                     }
                     seq.emplace_back("(" + to_rule(transform()) + ")", false);
                 } else if (c == ')') {
                     i++;
-                    if (start > 0 && sub_pattern[start - 1] != '(') {
+                    if (start > 0 && sub_pattern[start - 1] != '(' && (start < 2 || sub_pattern[start - 2] != '?' || sub_pattern[start - 1] != ':')) {
                         _errors.push_back("Unbalanced parentheses");
                     }
                     return join_seq();