Files
llama.cpp/ggml/include/ggml-backend.h
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Johannes Gäßler d6f3030047 ggml: backend-agnostic tensor parallelism (experimental) (#19378)
* ggml: backend-agnostic tensor parallelism

* support for GPT-OSS, Qwen 3 MoE

* partial Vulkan fix

* add support for 4/8 GPUs

* unconditional peer access

* re-use buffers + ggml contexts

* fix output pattern

* NCCL support

* GGML: HIP: add RCCL support

* Remove shfl and AllReduce from backend interface

* move allocation workaround out of ggml-alloc.c

* 2d tensor set/get support

* Fix the seg fault without NCCL

* Apply suggestion from JohannesGaessler

* support for tensor dims % n_devs != 0

* fix view_offs scaling

* arbitrary num. of GPUs/tensor split

* fix compilation

* better granularity estimate

* Support device-specific host buffer types if all underlying backends expose the same type. This allows using pinned memory instead of pageable memory for CUDA.

Fix compilation errors.

* partial Qwen 3 Next support

* Fix qwen3 30b (#8)

* Fix crash with Qwen-30B-A3B Q4_0

Qwen-30B-A3B Q4_0 has an intermediate dimension of 768. Using a granularity of 256 forces an uneven split between GPUs, which is not supported by the current implementation.

* Decide block size based on tensor quantization type

* Fix crashes due to KV cache serialization (#9)

KV cache serialization requires non-zero offsets on the tensor. Add support in the meta backend to set/get a tensor with a non-zero offset.

* metal : fix build (#7)

* static memory allocations, fix usage count

* fix tensor granularity

* more even memory distribution

* use BF16 for allreduce

* rebase fixup

* better error message for unsupported architectures

* Fix device mismatch during scatter of allReduce. (#11)

There is a mismatch between the dst buffer device and the backend device, causing the use of sync copies

* Enable the previous allreduce implementation. It is better in both perf and stability (#12)

* delay AllReduce for Moe for less I/O

* build : clean-up compile warnings

* backend : move most of the meta backend API to ggml-backend-impl.h

* cont : hide unused public API in the implementation

* llama : use llama_device + remove ggml_backend_dev_is_meta()

* ggml-backend : remove unused alloc include

* minor : remove regex include

* ggml : introduce ggml-ext.h for staging new APIs

* rebase fixup

* fix tests

* llama : more robust logic for determining Meta devices (#16)

* llama : more robust logic for determining Meta devices

* cont : fix devs size check

Co-authored-by: Johannes Gäßler <johannesg@5d6.de>

* cont : fix log type

Co-authored-by: Johannes Gäßler <johannesg@5d6.de>

---------

Co-authored-by: Johannes Gäßler <johannesg@5d6.de>

* disable roundtrip for meta backend

* fix arch selection

* Qwen 3.5 support

* fix Gemma 4 MoE

* fix OpenVino, SYCL

* fix test-llama-archs for CPU-only builds

* Fix Qwen 3.5 MoE

* disable meta backend tests for WebGPU

* tests : filter CPU-based devices from the Meta backend tests (#17)

* meta : formatting, naming, indentation (#18)

* formatting : llama-model.cpp

* formatting : ggml-ext.h

* formatting : ggml-backend-meta.cpp

* meta : add TODO

* add documentation

* better error messages

* fix GPT-OSS

---------

Co-authored-by: Carl Philipp Klemm <carl@uvos.xyz>
Co-authored-by: Gaurav Garg <gaugarg@nvidia.com>
Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2026-04-09 16:42:19 +02:00

382 lines
22 KiB
C

#pragma once
#include "ggml.h"
#include "ggml-alloc.h"
#ifdef GGML_BACKEND_SHARED
# if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
# ifdef GGML_BACKEND_BUILD
# define GGML_BACKEND_API __declspec(dllexport) extern
# else
# define GGML_BACKEND_API __declspec(dllimport) extern
# endif
# else
# define GGML_BACKEND_API __attribute__ ((visibility ("default"))) extern
# endif
#else
# define GGML_BACKEND_API extern
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
typedef struct ggml_backend_buffer_type * ggml_backend_buffer_type_t;
typedef struct ggml_backend_buffer * ggml_backend_buffer_t;
typedef struct ggml_backend_event * ggml_backend_event_t;
typedef struct ggml_backend * ggml_backend_t;
typedef void * ggml_backend_graph_plan_t;
typedef struct ggml_backend_reg * ggml_backend_reg_t;
typedef struct ggml_backend_device * ggml_backend_dev_t;
//
// Backend buffer type
//
GGML_API const char * ggml_backend_buft_name (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_buft_is_host (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_buft_get_device (ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
//
// Backend buffer
//
enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage {
GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_ANY = 0,
GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS = 1,
GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_COMPUTE = 2,
};
GGML_API const char * ggml_backend_buffer_name (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_buffer_free (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API void * ggml_backend_buffer_get_base (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_size (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_buffer_init_tensor (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_alignment (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_max_size (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_buffer_clear (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_host (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage);
GGML_API enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage ggml_backend_buffer_get_usage (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_type (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_buffer_reset (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer);
// tensor copy between different backends
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_copy(const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
//
// Backend (stream)
//
GGML_API ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_guid(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API const char * ggml_backend_name(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_free(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_t backend, size_t size);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_get_alignment(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_get_max_size(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_set_async (ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_get_async (ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_set_2d_async(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size, size_t n_copies, size_t stride_tensor, size_t stride_data);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_get_2d_async(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size, size_t n_copies, size_t stride_tensor, size_t stride_data);
// "offset" refers to the offset in tensor->data for setting/getting data
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_set ( struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_get (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_set_2d( struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size, size_t n_copies, size_t stride_tensor, size_t stride_data);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_get_2d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size, size_t n_copies, size_t stride_tensor, size_t stride_data);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_memset( struct ggml_tensor * tensor, uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t size);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API ggml_backend_graph_plan_t ggml_backend_graph_plan_create(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_graph_plan_free (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_plan_compute (ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan);
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_compute (ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_compute_async(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
// NOTE: will be removed, use device version instead
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
// asynchronous copy
// the copy is performed after all the currently queued operations in backend_src
// backend_dst will wait for the copy to complete before performing other operations
// automatic fallback to sync copy if async is not supported
GGML_API void ggml_backend_tensor_copy_async(ggml_backend_t backend_src, ggml_backend_t backend_dst, const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_get_device(ggml_backend_t backend);
//
// Events
//
GGML_API ggml_backend_event_t ggml_backend_event_new(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_event_free(ggml_backend_event_t event);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_event_record(ggml_backend_event_t event, ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_event_synchronize(ggml_backend_event_t event);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_event_wait(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event);
//
// Backend device
//
enum ggml_backend_dev_type {
// CPU device using system memory
GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU,
// GPU device using dedicated memory
GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU,
// integrated GPU device using host memory
GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_IGPU,
// accelerator devices intended to be used together with the CPU backend (e.g. BLAS or AMX)
GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCEL,
// "meta" device wrapping multiple other devices for tensor parallelism
GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_META,
};
// functionality supported by the device
struct ggml_backend_dev_caps {
// asynchronous operations
bool async;
// pinned host buffer
bool host_buffer;
// creating buffers from host ptr
bool buffer_from_host_ptr;
// event synchronization
bool events;
};
// all the device properties
struct ggml_backend_dev_props {
// device name
const char * name;
// device description
const char * description;
// device free memory in bytes
size_t memory_free;
// device total memory in bytes
size_t memory_total;
// device type
enum ggml_backend_dev_type type;
// device id
// for PCI devices, this should be the PCI bus id formatted as "domain:bus:device.function" (e.g. "0000:01:00.0")
// if the id is unknown, this should be NULL
const char * device_id;
// device capabilities
struct ggml_backend_dev_caps caps;
};
GGML_API const char * ggml_backend_dev_name(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API const char * ggml_backend_dev_description(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_dev_memory(ggml_backend_dev_t device, size_t * free, size_t * total);
GGML_API enum ggml_backend_dev_type ggml_backend_dev_type(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_dev_get_props(ggml_backend_dev_t device, struct ggml_backend_dev_props * props);
GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_t device, const char * params);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_dev_host_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_dev_buffer_from_host_ptr(ggml_backend_dev_t device, void * ptr, size_t size, size_t max_tensor_size);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_dev_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t device, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_dev_supports_buft(ggml_backend_dev_t device, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_dev_offload_op(ggml_backend_dev_t device, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
//
// Backend (reg)
//
GGML_API const char * ggml_backend_reg_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_reg_dev_count(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index);
GGML_API void * ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, const char * name);
// Common functions that may be obtained using ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address
// AllReduce operation for tensor parallelism (meta backend)
typedef bool (*ggml_backend_allreduce_tensor_t)(ggml_backend_t * backends, struct ggml_tensor ** tensors, size_t n_backends);
// Split buffer type for tensor parallelism (old)
typedef ggml_backend_buffer_type_t (*ggml_backend_split_buffer_type_t)(int main_device, const float * tensor_split);
// Set the number of threads for the backend
typedef void (*ggml_backend_set_n_threads_t)(ggml_backend_t backend, int n_threads);
// Get additional buffer types provided by the device (returns a NULL-terminated array)
typedef ggml_backend_buffer_type_t * (*ggml_backend_dev_get_extra_bufts_t)(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
// Set the abort callback for the backend
typedef void (*ggml_backend_set_abort_callback_t)(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_abort_callback abort_callback, void * abort_callback_data);
// Get a list of feature flags supported by the backend (returns a NULL-terminated array)
struct ggml_backend_feature {
const char * name;
const char * value;
};
typedef struct ggml_backend_feature * (*ggml_backend_get_features_t)(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
//
// Backend registry
//
GGML_API void ggml_backend_register(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_device_register(ggml_backend_dev_t device);
// Backend (reg) enumeration
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_reg_count(void);
GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_reg_get(size_t index);
GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_reg_by_name(const char * name);
// Device enumeration
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_dev_count(void);
GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_dev_get(size_t index);
GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_dev_by_name(const char * name);
GGML_API ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_dev_by_type(enum ggml_backend_dev_type type);
// Direct backend (stream) initialization
// = ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_by_name(name), params)
GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_init_by_name(const char * name, const char * params);
// = ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_by_type(type), params)
GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_init_by_type(enum ggml_backend_dev_type type, const char * params);
// = ggml_backend_dev_init(ggml_backend_dev_by_type(GPU) OR ggml_backend_dev_by_type(CPU), NULL)
GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_init_best(void);
// Load a backend from a dynamic library and register it
GGML_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load(const char * path);
// Unload a backend if loaded dynamically and unregister it
GGML_API void ggml_backend_unload(ggml_backend_reg_t reg);
// Load all known backends from dynamic libraries
GGML_API void ggml_backend_load_all(void);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(const char * dir_path);
//
// Backend scheduler
//
// The backend scheduler allows for multiple backend devices to be used together
// Handles compute buffer allocation, assignment of tensors to backends, and copying of tensors between backends
// The backends are selected based on:
// - the backend that supports the operation
// - the location of the pre-allocated tensors (e.g. the weights)
/*
Example usage:
// operations that use tensors allocated in a buffer with USAGE_WEIGHTS will be assigned
// preferably to run on the same backend as the buffer
ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage(buf_weights, GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS);
sched = ggml_backend_sched_new({backend_gpu, backend_gpu2, backend_cpu}, NULL, num_backends, GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE, false, true);
// initialize buffers from a max size graph (optional)
reserve_graph = build_graph(sched, max_batch_size);
// manually assign nodes to a backend (optional, should not be needed in most cases)
struct ggml_tensor * node = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, ...);
ggml_backend_sched_set_tensor_backend(sched, node, backend_gpu);
ggml_backend_sched_reserve(sched, reserve_graph);
// compute
graph = build_graph(sched); // the graph and its tensors are single-use in terms of allocation, multi-use in terms of computation
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute(sched, graph); // on the first iteration the graph is allocated automatically
}
// if there are graph inputs:
graph = build_graph(sched); // get a new graph that is not allocated (the metadata for the old graph is freed once ggml_free is called)
ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched); // clear the allocation of the previous graph
ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(sched, graph); // explicitly allocate the new graph but do not execute it
ggml_backend_tensor_set(input_tensor, ...); // copy data to the newly allocated graph tensors
ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute(sched, graph); // execute the graph
// as an alternative to the above it is also possible to assign the inputs to a dedicated context and
// allocate them statically via ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors
}
*/
typedef struct ggml_backend_sched * ggml_backend_sched_t;
// Evaluation callback for each node in the graph (set with ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback)
// when ask == true, the scheduler wants to know if the user wants to observe this node
// this allows the scheduler to batch nodes together in order to evaluate them in a single call
//
// when ask == false, the scheduler is passing the node tensor to the user for observation
// if the user returns false, the scheduler will cancel the graph compute
//
typedef bool (*ggml_backend_sched_eval_callback)(struct ggml_tensor * t, bool ask, void * user_data);
// Initialize a backend scheduler, backends with low index are given priority over backends with high index
GGML_API ggml_backend_sched_t ggml_backend_sched_new(ggml_backend_t * backends, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t * bufts, int n_backends, size_t graph_size, bool parallel, bool op_offload);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_free(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
// Initialize backend buffers from a measure graph
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_reserve_size(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * measure_graph, size_t * sizes);
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_sched_reserve(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * measure_graph); // returns success
GGML_API int ggml_backend_sched_get_n_backends(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sched_get_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, int i);
// Get the number of splits of the last graph
GGML_API int ggml_backend_sched_get_n_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
GGML_API int ggml_backend_sched_get_n_copies(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_sched_get_buffer_type(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API size_t ggml_backend_sched_get_buffer_size(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_set_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node, ggml_backend_t backend);
GGML_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node);
// Split graph without allocating it
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
// Allocate and compute graph on the backend scheduler
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph); // returns success
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
// Reset all assignments and allocators - must be called before changing the node backends or allocating a new graph.
// This in effect deallocates all tensors that were previously allocated and leaves them with dangling pointers.
// The correct way to use this API is to discard the deallocated tensors and create new ones.
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_reset(ggml_backend_sched_t sched);
// Set a callback to be called for each resulting node during graph compute
GGML_API void ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_sched_eval_callback callback, void * user_data);
//
// Utils
//
struct ggml_backend_graph_copy {
ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer;
struct ggml_context * ctx_allocated;
struct ggml_context * ctx_unallocated;
struct ggml_cgraph * graph;
};
// Copy a graph to a different backend
GGML_API struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * graph);
GGML_API void ggml_backend_graph_copy_free(struct ggml_backend_graph_copy copy);
typedef bool (*ggml_backend_eval_callback)(int node_index, struct ggml_tensor * t1, struct ggml_tensor * t2, void * user_data);
// Compare the output of two backends
GGML_API bool ggml_backend_compare_graph_backend(ggml_backend_t backend1, ggml_backend_t backend2, struct ggml_cgraph * graph, ggml_backend_eval_callback callback, void * user_data, struct ggml_tensor const * const * test_nodes, size_t num_test_nodes);
// Tensor initialization
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_tensor_alloc(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * addr);
GGML_API enum ggml_status ggml_backend_view_init(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
// CPU buffer types are always available
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_from_ptr(void * ptr, size_t size);
GGML_API ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(void);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif